Systems and methods for cable equalization

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are methods and systems that provide automatic compensation for frequency attenuation of a video signal transmitted over a cable. In accordance with an embodiment, a system includes an equalizer and a compensation controller. The equalizer receives a video signal that was transmitted over a cable, provides compensation for frequency attenuation that occurred during the transmission over the cable, and outputs a compensated video signal. The compensation controller automatically adjusts the compensation provided by the equalizer based on comparisons of one or more portions of the compensated video signal to one or more reference voltage levels.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/412,280, filed Mar. 26, 2009, entitled “System and Method for Cable Equalization”, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/110,917, entitled “System and Method for Cable Equalization”, filed Nov. 3, 2008. Priority is claimed to each of the above applications, and each of the above applications is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Category 5 (CAT5) is an Ethernet cable standard defined by the Electronic Industries Association and Telecommunications Industry Association (EIA/TIA). CAT5 cable, which includes four unshielded twisted-pairs of wire, was originally intended to support Fast (100 Mbps) Ethernet and comparable alternatives such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). As with all other types of twisted pair EIA/TIA cabling, CAT5 cable runs are intended to be limited to a maximum recommended run rate of 100 m (328 feet).

The ubiquity and cost-effectiveness of CAT5 cabling make it an attractive choice for video distribution. Hotels and office buildings are perfect environments for video distribution, and are often already wired with CAT5 unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable. CAT5 is also cheaper and easier to install than coaxial cable. However, CAT5 cable was originally not intended for high bandwidth video signal applications, since it has substantial attenuation as frequencies increase. In video applications, high frequencies are used to represent both sharp image details and color information. Thus, this attenuation can seriously impact picture quality. Accordingly, there is a need to overcome the high frequency attenuation that occurs when using CAT5 cable, or similar cable, for video signal transmission.

Since unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cables are now being used for video transmission, companies have begun to design receivers and equalizers that specifically compensate for the high frequency attenuation caused by such cables. One example of this is the EL9110 Differential Receiver/Equalizer available from Intersil Corporation, of Milpitas, Calif. This device accepts a control voltage signal that can be used to set the compensation levels required for different lengths of cable. Thus, if a specific receiver/equalizer is always receiving a video transmission over the same cable of unchanging length, the compensation level at the receiver/equalizer can be manually set once, and video signals should be correctly compensated thereafter. However, a challenge exists where a receiver/equalizer can receive video transmission from various different transmitters, over cables of various different lengths, such as may occur in a building that is wired for video conferencing. In such a case, each time a receiver receives a video transmission over a cable of a different length, the compensation level needs to be adjusted. It would be beneficial if systems and methods were available to perform such adjustments. It would also be beneficial if such adjustments could be automatic.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present invention relate to systems and methods that provide automatic compensation for frequency attenuation of a video signal transmitted over a cable. In accordance with an embodiment, such a system includes an equalizer and a compensation controller. The equalizer receives a video signal that was transmitted over a cable, provides compensation for frequency attenuation that occurred during the transmission over the cable, and outputs a compensated video signal. The compensation controller automatically adjusts the compensation provided by the equalizer based on comparisons of one or more portions of the compensated video signal to one or more reference voltage levels.

In an embodiment, the equalizer includes a high band equalizer that compensates for high frequency attenuation caused by the cable, a low band equalizer that compensates for low frequency attenuation caused by the cable, and a DC gain controller that fine tunes DC gain of the equalizer so that an average level of sync tips, of horizontal sync pulses within the compensated video signal, is substantially equal to a predetermined nominal level.

Certain embodiments of the present invention are directed to a high band equalizer that includes a plurality N of equalizer stages connected in series, each including a differential input and a differential output. In an embodiment, a 1^(st) one of equalizer stages is optimized for a 1^(st) length of the cable, a 2^(nd) one of said equalizer stages is optimized for a 2^(nd) length of the cable, and an N^(th) one of said equalizer stages is optimized for an N^(th) length of the cable, where N is equal to or greater than 3. The high band equalizer also includes a first selector, a second selector and a weighted averager. The first selector has N inputs connected to the inputs of each of the N equalizer stages, and an output. The second selector has N inputs connected to the outputs of each of the N equalizer stages, and an output. The weighted averager has inputs connected to the outputs of the first and second selectors, and has an output. The first and second selectors are used to select which equalizer stages are active and which equalizer stages are inactive. The weighted averager produces at its output, a weighted average of the signal input to and output from the last active equalizer stage. A compensation controller can control the first and second selectors and the weighted averager.

This summary is not intended to summarize all of the embodiments of the present invention. Further and alternative embodiments, and the features, aspects, and advantages of the embodiments of invention will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below, the drawings and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a high level block diagram of an equalizer, according to an embodiment of the present invention, that provides for automatic compensation of a video signal received through a length of cable (e.g., up to a mile, or even longer) of arbitrary length.

FIG. 1B is a high level block diagram of an equalizer, according to an embodiment of the present invention, that provides for manual compensation of a video signal received through a length of cable (e.g., up to a mile, or even longer) of arbitrary length.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram that shows details of the high band equalizer block of FIGS. 1A and 1B, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2B is a diagram that provides exemplary details of the equalizer stages of FIG. 2A, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a diagram that provides exemplary details of the low band equalizer of FIGS. 1A and 1B, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram that shows details of the level sense circuit and the level detect to digital circuit of FIGS. 1A and 1B, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 5A & 5B are high level block diagrams of systems that includes the equalizer of FIG. 1A or 1B.

FIG. 6 is a high level flow diagram that is used to summarize various methods of embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1A is a high level block diagram of an equalizer 100, according to an embodiment of the present invention, which can be used to recover a signal received through a long length of cable (e.g., up to a mile, or even longer), where the cable can be any arbitrary length. The cable could be a CAT5 cable or a CAT6 cable, but is not limited thereto. Such a signal is sent differentially across two wires of such cable, e.g., a twisted pair of wires, in the case of a CAT5 or CAT6 cable. The received signal can be, e.g., a NTSC video signal, or some other type of video signal. The equalizer 100 compensates for the high frequency attenuation, and to a lesser extent low frequency attenuation, caused by the cable and, and the equalizer 100 outputs a compensated video signal 116. The frequency compensation provided by the equalizer 100 should be appropriate to the length of the cable and the type of the cable that caused the frequency attenuation. The compensated video signal 116, once properly compensated, is substantially equivalent in frequency and phase content to the video signal before its content was altered by the cable. In the FIG. 1A and the other FIGS., “SE” stands for “single ended” and “Diff.” stands for “differential”.

Referring to FIG. 1A, the equalizer 100 is shown as including a differential input buffer 102, a differential high band equalizer 104, a differential to single ended converter 106, a low band equalizer 108, a DC gain control circuit 110, a low pass filter 112 and an output driver 114. Additionally, the equalizer 100 is shown as including an automatic compensation controller 118, which automatically adjusts a high frequency compensation control signal 146, a low frequency compensation control signal 147, and a DC gain control signal 148, so that the compensated video signal 116 output by the equalizer 100 is correctly compensated. More generally, the automatic compensation controller 118 controls the high band equalizer 104, the low band equalizer 108 and the DC gain control circuit 110.

Note that there is some flexibility in the order of the signal processing blocks. For example, the low pass filter 112, DC gain and low band equalizer 108 can occur anywhere after the high band equalizer 104. However, due to noise considerations, the high band equalizer 104 should either be at the input, or immediately following the input buffer 102. The video signal only needs to become single-ended by the time it reaches the output, so the differential to single ended converter 106 can be anywhere between the input and the output driver 114. However, concerns regarding noise and supply isolation lead to the preference that the high band equalizer 104 be implemented in the differential mode. It is also possible that further processing blocks be included, such as, but not limited to, a group delay equalizer that is used to ensure color fidelity.

The video signal 116 output by the equalizer 100 is provided to both a horizontal sync (H-sync) detector 132, and a level sense detector 142. The H-sync detector 132 outputs a horizontal sync signal 133, which is provided to a sync pulse to digital timing circuit 134. In a well known manner, the circuit 134 can lock to the H-sync pulses, detect the timing of the leading and/or trailing edges of the H-sync pulses (preferably the trailing edges) within lines of the video signal 116. Based on such detected timing, other portions of lines of the video signal 116 can be detected, including, e.g., the blanking level portion and the color burst portion (if the video signal is a color signal). Additionally, the beginning of the next H-sync pulse can be detected. The blanking level is the nominal voltage of a video waveform during the horizontal and vertical periods, excluding the more negative voltage sync tips. Using this knowledge of the various portions of the video signal 116, the level detect to digital circuit 144 can provide appropriate pulses for sampling the various portions of the video signal 116, and together with the level sense detector 142 can perform selective comparisons of the various portions of the video signal 116 to appropriate reference voltages, including a blanking level reference voltage, a burst level reference voltage, a sync level reference voltage and a monochrome reference voltage. In accordance with an embodiment, the monochrome reference voltage is set between the blanking level reference voltage and the burst level reference voltage, and can be used to determine whether the video signal is a color or monochrome signal. Additional details of the level sense detector 142 and the level detect to digital circuit 144 are discussed below with reference to FIG. 4.

The differential input buffer 102 prevents the equalizer 100 from loading and interfering with operation of the cable (e.g., cable 504 in FIG. 5A) and the transmitter (e.g., 502 in FIG. 5A) on the far end of the cable. Such functionality of the differential input buffer 102 can be provided by a first stage (e.g., G0 or G1 in FIGS. 2A & 2B) of the differential high band equalizer 104, and thus, the input buffer 102 need not be included in some configurations. This buffer 102 can also provide a high input impedance which best allows a common mode (CM) clamp 120 and a differential clamp 122 to correctly drive an input coupling capacitor pair.

The differential high band equalizer 104, which is controlled by the high frequency compensation control signal 146, boosts the high frequencies of the received differential video signal 101. Additional details of the differential high band equalizer 104, according to an embodiment of the present invention, are discussed below with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B.

A differential to single ended converter 106 converts the differential output of the high band equalizer 104 to a single ended signal, so that further processing of the signal, including low band equalization and gain control, can be performed on a singled ended signal. Alternatively, the single ended converter 106 can be removed, or performed further downstream, and all or some of the further processing can be performed differentially. In fact, the compensated video output signal 116 can be a differential signal in some applications/implementations.

The low band equalizer 108, which is controlled by the low frequency compensation control signal 147, performs boosting of the low frequencies of the received video signal 101. Additional details of the low band equalizer, according to an embodiment of the present invention, are discussed below with reference to FIG. 3.

The DC gain control 110, which is controlled by the DC gain control signal 148, fine tunes DC gain of the amplifier so that horizontal sync pulses within the compensated video signal 116 have a predetermined nominal level. In this manner, the DC gain control 110 can compensate for non-standard video levels originating from the video source.

Since video signals typically have frequencies of interest from about 30 Hz to about 6 MHz, the low pass filter 112 can have a cut-off frequency of about 6.5 or 7 MHz, but is not limited thereto. In alternative embodiments, the low pass filter 112 can be located between the differential to single ended converter 106 and the low band equalizer 108, or between the low band equalizer 108 and the DC gain control circuit 110.

The output driver 114 can be, e.g., a 75 Ohm output driver, but is not limited thereto.

Still referring to FIG. 1A, the equalizer 100 is also shown as including a common mode (CM) clamp 120 and a differential clamp 122. The CM clamp 120 samples the common mode of the first stage of the equalizer 100, which can be the differential input buffer 102, or as explained with reference to FIG. 2A, can be a first stage (e.g., 202 ₀) of the differential high band equalizer 104. The CM clamp 120 feeds back a common mode current, which in conjunction with the input coupling capacitors, (with the same current for both differential inputs) establishes the common mode level at the input. The differential mode clamp 122 senses the compensated video output signal 116 (SE Video Out) and feeds back a differential current to the input which in conjunction with the input coupling capacitors, (Diff. Video In) establishes the desired differential voltage. Measurements done at the output are relative to the reference level established by this clamp 122. The reference level can be, e.g., ground, or for a single supply circuit can be VDD/2, but is not limited thereto. Both clamps 120 and 122 can be sampled by a same clamp pulse generated by the sync pulse to digital timing circuit 134. The clamp pulse can occur in the back porch area of the video following the sync pulse. This is the traditional black level (or more correctly, blanking level) for composite video. Stated more generally, the clamps 120 and 122 force a specific portion (either the back porch or the sync tip) of the video signal to a specific DC voltage, to restore the DC level and maintain an internal operating range that ensures substantially linear operation of the internal circuitry.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, vertical sync (V-sync) pulses are ignored when providing automatic compensation for frequency attenuation of a video signal transmitted over a cable. Thus, V-sync pulses should be distinguished from H-sync pulses, which can be done in various manners. For example, it is known that V-sync pulses are longer than H-sync pulses. Thus, V-sync pulses and H-sync pulses can be distinguished based on their length. In a specific embodiment, V-sync pulses and H-sync pulses can be distinguished by detecting the sync level using both the H-sync detector 132 and the level sense detector 142. Once an internal timer is locked to sync pulses, the sync level can be sensed at various points in a line, e.g., at 25% and/or 75% points in the line (timing-wise). A counter can be reset on the first of these points, and can be increment once per line (e.g., at the H-sync pulse edges). In an embodiment, the control loops used for automatic compensation for frequency attenuation are only updated on lines that are well past the vertical interval (e.g., lines 25 onward), and before the start of the next line that would include a vertical sync pulse (e.g., 262.5 lines after a previous V-sync pulse in NTSC, or 312.5 lines in PAL).

FIG. 1B is a high level block diagram of an equalizer 100′, according to another embodiment of the present invention, that provides for manual compensation of a video signal 101 received through a long length of cable (e.g., up to a mile, or even longer) of arbitrary length. The equalizer 100′ includes a manual compensation controller 119 that allows a user to make manual compensation adjustments, e.g., using knobs, switches, sliders, buttons, a graphical user interface, or the like. For example, the output video signal 116 can be provided to a display monitor (or video waveform monitor or vectorscope, or any other type of suitable video test equipment), and the user can manually make adjustments until the video image on the display monitor is optimized, or at least satisfactory, and based on the type of cable, and whether the signal is color or monochrome (e.g., black and white).

FIG. 2A is a high level block diagram of the high band equalizer 104, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Note that the various stages, the inputs and the outputs shown in FIG. 2A, are differential signals, but that single lines have been drawn so at to not unnecessarily clutter the figure. Referring to FIG. 2A, the high band equalizer 104 is shown as including six equalizer stages 204 ₁-204 ₆, each of which is associated with a corresponding attenuation stage 202 ₁-201 ₆. The attenuation stage 202 _(n), either passes through the signal at its input (i.e., provides no attenuation), or provides a predetermined (e.g., −6 dB) amount of attenuation, where such attenuation can be used to prevent overload of an equalizer stage 204 _(n+1). For simplicity, an attenuation stage 202 _(n) and its corresponding equalizer stage 204 _(n) can collectively be referred to simply as an equalizer stage 203 _(n).

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, each successive equalizer stage 204 provides high frequency boosting for an additional equal length of cable (e.g., an additional 1000 feet of cable), in the frequency range of about 500 kHz to about 6 MHz, with each equalizer stage having a slightly different equalization curve than the other equalizer stages. Further, each equalizer stage 204 ₁-204 ₆ can be designed to boost the signal at the upper frequency of interest (e.g., 6 MHz) by a same amount (e.g., about 12 dB) while boosting the signal at a lower frequency of interest (e.g., 1 MHz) by a lower amount (e.g., about 5 dB), with the DC Gains between 0 dB and 1 dB. Accordingly, the total sequentially (i.e., serially) connected chain of equalizer stages 204 ₁-204 ₆ can be capable of approximately 6*12 dB (i.e., 72 dB) of boost. Since each additional equalizer stage 204 compensates for an additional length (e.g., an additional 1000 feet) of cable, selecting one of the outputs of these discrete equalizer stages alone would results in too crude a resolution to accurately equalize a cable of arbitrary length (e.g., a 3024 foot cable).

In accordance with an embodiment, to provide for less crude (i.e., more fine) resolution, a pair of selectors 212 ₁ and 212 ₂ (e.g., each of which can be a multiplexor) and a weighted averager 214 (e.g., a multi-position fader, such as a 64 position fader) are used to interpolate or otherwise combine the outputs of two adjacent equalizer stages 204. Stated an equivalent way, the weighted averager 214 can be used to combine the input and the output of the last active equalizer stage 203. For example, where the weighted averager is a 64 position fader, and each equalizer stage 204 _(n) compensates for an additional 1000 feet of cable, this weighted averager 214 allows fine tuning the equalization to 1/64 of 1000 feet (−16 feet).

In the embodiment shown, each selector 212 includes six differential inputs (In0-In5) and one differential output, which is selected, e.g., by a three bit input. In accordance with an embodiment, each attenuation stage 202 can be capable of selecting between no attenuation and a predetermined attenuation level (e.g., −6 dB). More or less equalizer stages 203 can be used, in alternative embodiments of the present invention. If a different total number of equalizer stages 203 are used, then the selectors 212 may have more or less inputs. In other words, alternate implementations can have more equalizer stages with less boost per stage, or less stages with more boost per stage, with a corresponding change in the number of inputs to selectors 212.

Referring to FIG. 2B, each attenuation stage (e.g., 202 ₀ and 202 ₁ in FIG. 2B) can be implemented using a resistor ladder 216 and a pair of 2-input/1-output multiplexors 218, or 2-input/1 output weighted averagers 218 (e.g., faders). Block 218 can selects between a non-attenuated signal path (not stepped down by the resistor ladder 216) and a stepped down version of the signal (which has been stepped down by the resistor ladder 216), or potentially variations in-between. For example, the output of block 218 can be adjustable to select either of its two inputs, the mean of its two inputs, or any weighted average of its two inputs, to within the resolution of the number of bits controlling it. In one embodiment 6 control bits are used, but more or less bits are possible depending on the required resolution/flatness of the system. Still referring to FIG. 2B, in accordance with an embodiment, each equalizer stage 204, which accepts a differential input, can be implemented by a pair of operational amplifiers 220 configured as non-inverting amplifiers, or a single differential operational amplifier can be used. For example, equalizer stage 204 ₁ in FIG. 2B can be equivalently implemented using a differential amplifier or differential op-amp in conjunction with resistors and capacitors that implement an equivalent response. The values of the resistors and capacitors within a specific equalizer stage 204 should be optimized for the length of cable for which that equalizer stage is to perform compensation. For example, referring back to FIG. 2A, the equalizer stage 204 ₁ can be optimized for a first 1000 feet of cable, the equalizer stage 204 ₂ can be optimized for a second 1000 feet of cable, . . . and the equalizer stage 204 ₆ can be optimized for a sixth 1000 feet of cable. The high levels of required signal boost present a headroom issue. One solution to this headroom issue would be to attenuate the input signal 101, but the large amount of required equalization boost presents a noise problem, since the noise of the input stage is multiplied by the amount of selected boost which can exceed 60 dB with as much as another 12 dB of excess boost internal to the equalizer. To achieve the lowest reasonable input stage noise, the input preferably should not be attenuated, but rather should be amplified, before reaching the equalizer. Accordingly, it would be preferable that the gain stage 202 ₀ not be present, or if present, provide for unity gain. Thus, the high band equalizer 104 should operate at the largest signal swing possible to minimize its contribution to output noise. This low noise requirement is in conflict with the potential overload created by the unused portion of the last active equalizer stages 204 (this phenomenon of overload is explained in more detail below).

An alternate implementation could incorporate more equalizer stages, each stage with a more modest level of boost, proportionally reduced by the ratio of increase in stages, e.g., using twice the number of stages, each stage with 6 dB less gain results in an equivalent equalization. These variants are impractical since they require more power and more amplifiers and are thus more expensive to implement and maintain. Accordingly, it would be beneficial to address the overload issue without significantly reducing input stage gain (to keep noise low) and without enlarging the equalizer by implementing more boost stages with less boost per stage (to keep cost low).

Potential overload occurs under any conditions where there is more boost equalization in the signal chain than is required to equalize the signal to have a flat frequency response. The root cause of overload conditions can be understood by examining the circuit in FIG. 2A, where six equalizer stages 204 are shown. If all these stages are enabled (i.e., kept in the signal chain) regardless of the cable length, then unless a very long cable is used, overload will occur. Consider the extreme case of a zero-length cable. The output of the first equalizer stage 204 ₁ will be boosted by 12 dB at 6 MHz; and the output of the last equalizer stage 204 ₆ will be boosted by 70 dB at 6 MHz. These levels of boost will overload any practical amplifier. Now consider another example where 4000 feet of cable are used. Now the output of the 4th equalizer stage 204 ₄ will be flat, but the 5^(th) stage 204 ₅ will have 12 dB of excess boost and the following 6^(th) stage 204 ₆ will have 24 dB of excess boost. To avoid overloads, all un-necessary equalizer stages should be disabled or at least not use to produce the compensated video signal output. For an arbitrary cable length, equalizing its response using the simple string of equalizer stages (6 stages in the embodiment shown), can result in either excess equalization or in-adequate equalization. The only exceptions would be for cable lengths of exactly 0 feet, 1000 feet, 2000 feet, 3000 feet, 4000 feet, 5000 feet, and 6000 feet (again, assuming each gain stage 204 provided for equalization of an additional 1000 feet).

The use of the selectors 212 ₁ and 212 ₂ in FIG. 2A essentially allows for the disabling of any unnecessary equalizer stages to avoid overload, while also providing for interpolation. For example, where the In2 inputs of selectors 212 ₁ and 212 ₂ are selected, the output of the equalizer stage 203 ₂ (which is also the input to the equalizer stage 203 ₃) is provided by the selector 212 ₁ to one differential input of the weighted averager 214, and the output of the equalizer state 203 ₃ is provided by the other selector 212 ₂ to the other differential input of the weighted averager 214. A multibit (e.g., 9 bit) control signal 146 generated by compensation controller 118 or 119 can control the selectors 212 ₁ and 212 ₂ and the weighted averager 214, with the most significant bits (e.g., 3 MSBs) performing course tuning by controlling the selectors 212 ₁ and 212 ₂, and the least significant bits (e.g., 6 LSBs) performing fine tuning by controlling the weighed averager 214. In this example: the equalizer stages 203 ₁, 203 ₂ and 203 ₃ can be considered enabled or active, since they affect the signal produced by the weighted averager 214; and the equalizer stages 203 ₄, 203 ₅ and 203 ₆ can be considered disabled or inactive, since they do not affect the signal produced by the weighted averager 214.

The weighted averager 214 interpolates between the outputs of the last two active equalizer stages 203, or equivalently, between the input and output of the last active equalizer stage 203. Overload can occur, because to achieve a composite response that is flat (the composite response is defined as the cable's response multiplied by the equalizer's response), there is typically some excess boost that is not brought to the equalizer's output, but exists at the output of the last active equalizer stage. For a hypothetical example, if the cable were 4016 feet, the correct equalization would be derived by selecting the 4000 foot and 5000 foot outputs of the equalizer stages (equivalently the input and output of the 5000 foot equalizer stage), and then interpolating between them by selecting the an appropriate weighted average (e.g., a lowest fader tap of a 64 position fader) which corresponds to an equalization of 4000 feet plus 16 feet. This results in the appropriate equalization, but it produces a side effect in that the signal at the 5000 foot output tap is 12 db larger at 5 MHz than the correctly equalized (“flat”) signal amplitude. Since signal swing (against a limited headroom) has already been maximized to reduce noise, this 12 dB of unwanted boost exceeds the allowable signal level by ˜4×. This can be solved in practice as a compromise by reducing the input gain by 6 dB (using attenuation stage 202 ₀) and causing a 6 db attenuation into the last active equalizer stage 203. This compromise maintains reasonable signal-to-noise while avoiding an overload in the signal chain. In other words, each equalizer stage 203 _(n) can have a selectable 0 dB/6 dB attenuator 202 _(n) at its input.

The attenuator 202 ₀ provides for pass-through for all cases where more than the first equalizer stage 202 ₁ is active, and for attenuation (e.g., −6 dB) where only the first equalizer stage 202 ₁ is active. Putting the attenuator 202 ₀ in front of the first equalizer stage 203 ₁ increases noise (e.g., by 6 dB), but this only increases noise for cases of short cable runs where the high frequency boost is limited to at most 12 dB. The added noise is harmless in the context of such modest levels of equalization boost.

While most equalizers are viewed in the frequency domain, they can also be viewed in the time domain. This involves the impulse response of both the cable and the equalizer stage(s). In accordance with an embodiment, an algorithm takes the cable transfer function and determines the best location, e.g., for a two pole/two zero equalizer stage that minimizes the waveform distortion in the time domain. One could simply put a known waveform (a square pulse, for example) through 1000 feet of cable, and adjust the resistors and capacitors of an equalizer stage 204 to minimize the distortion. Alternatively, an algorithm can do this automatically and optimally. A further point of the algorithm is to use the first stage to compensate a 2000 foot length of cable, and apply the algorithm (or adjust the resistors and capacitors of a second stage) to minimize the distortion of a square pulse travelling through 2000 feet of cable and two equalizer stages 204. After the first stage 2041 has been optimized for the 1st 1000 feet of cable, then the second stage 2042 is optimized for the 2nd 1000 feet, etc. Other methods can be similarly applied by viewing the frequency response error on a network analyzer. In any case, the next stage is always optimized by applying the previously determined stages to a longer length of cable along with the next stage. This minimizes accumulated error and effectively creates a multi-pole/multi-zero equalizer (e.g., a 2 pole/2 zero equalizer for 1000 feet of cable, a 4 pole/4 zero equalizer for 2000 feet of cable . . . or a 12 pole/12 zero equalizer for 6000 feet of cable), making it extremely accurate and robust.

The equalizer stages 204 ₁ to 204 ₆ are sequential, so their effect is cumulative. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, each equalizer stage 204 of the high band equalizer 104 has a transfer function equal to the inverse of the transfer function of the incremental length of cable for which the equalizer stage is intended to perform high band frequency compensation. More specifically, each successive equalizer stage has a transfer function equal to the inverse of the transfer function of the sub-length of cable for which the equalizer stage 204 is intended to perform high band frequency compensation, assuming all the earlier equalizer stage(s) are within the signal path. For example: the equalizer stage 204 ₃ can have a transfer function equal to the inverse of the transfer function of the third 1000 feet of cable, for which the equalizer stage 204 ₃ is intended to perform high band frequency compensation, assuming that equalizer stages 204 ₂ and 204 ₁ are within the signal path; the equalizer stage 204 ₂ can have a transfer function equal to the inverse of the transfer function of the second 1000 feet of cable, for which the equalizer stage 204 ₂ is intended to perform high band frequency compensation, assuming the equalizer stage 204 ₁ is within the signal path; and the equalizer stage 204 ₁ can have a transfer function equal to the inverse of the transfer function of the first 1000 feet of cable, for which the equalizer stage 204 ₁ is intended to perform high band frequency compensation.

In accordance with an embodiment, the attenuator 202 of the second to last active equalizer stage 203 is the only attenuator that should provide attenuation (e.g., −6 dB). In another embodiment, the attenuator 202 of the last active equalizer stage 203 is the only attenuator that should provide attenuation (e.g., −6 dB), and an attenuator is added at the output of the selector 212 ₁. Both of these embodiments will ensure that the signals provided to the weighted averager 214 have the same amplitude. For either embodiment, attenuator control logic 213 shown in FIG. 2B, can determine and control which attenuator 202 should provide attenuation based on the same course tune signal that controls the selectors 212 (e.g., by controlling the switches 214 in FIG. 2B).

Additional details of the low band equalizer 108, according to an embodiment of the present invention, will now be described with reference to FIG. 3. In accordance with an embodiment, the low band equalizer 108 includes a unity gain buffer 302 and operational amplifier 304 configured as a non-inverting amplifier with, e.g., a gain factor of about 2 (i.e., about 6 db). The outputs of the buffer 302 and the amplifier 304 are provided to a weighted averager 314 (e.g., a multi-position fader, such as a 64 position fader). The weighted averager 314 and an adjustable capacitance C_adjust (e.g., a bank of capacitors connected in parallel that can be selectively switched into and out of the circuit) are controlled by a low band controller 306 which receives control signal 147 from the compensation controller 118 or 119. The low band controller 306, based on the signal 147, can use a look-up table (e.g., a look up ROM, or the like) to select the appropriate capacitance and weighting appropriate for the length of the cable. As the cable gets longer, both the pole and zero have to move down in frequency, which is accomplished by adjusting the capacitance C_adjust. Adjustment of the weighted averager 314 also affects the location of the zero(s) and pole(s). The above mentioned look-up can be based on all the bits, or just certain number of the most significant bits, of the signal 147. Additionally, all of the bits, or just certain number of the most significant bits, can be used to adjust the weighted averager 314. An alternative implementation could use a fixed capacitor with a variable resistor array. It is only required that the frequency response is substantially similar to what is implemented by FIG. 3A. Any alternate mode of implementation for low band equalizer 108 should be sufficient.

Low frequency attenuation caused by the cable results in the sync-tip being tilted in the time domain. Adjustments made by the low band equalizer 108 alter the tilt of the sync-tip of the H-sync pulse, and thus, the low band equalizer 108 can also be referred to as a tilt controller. When properly set, the sync-tip will have minimum tilt, i.e., have substantially zero slope.

The low band equalizer 108, because it is adjustable separate from the high band equalizer 104, enables the equalizer 100 (and 100′) to not only compensate for various lengths of cable, but also various types of cable that have a different high to low band balance. For example, CAT5 cable and CAT6 cable have a different high to low band balance.

Additional details of the level sense circuit 142 and the level detect to digital circuit 144, both of the automatic compensation controller 118, will now be described with reference to FIG. 4. The level sense circuit 142 includes a set of comparators 402 (and 404) that compares the level of portions of the output compensated video signal 116 (in FIG. 1) to a set of reference voltages, including, blanking level, burst level and sync level reference voltages (and a monochrome reference voltage), as can be appreciated from FIG. 4. If a compared portion of the video output signal 116 is above the indicated reference voltage (monochrome, blanking level, burst level or sync level), then the corresponding comparator output will be high, otherwise it is low. The monochrome level, blanking level, burst level and sync level reference voltages can be their corresponding nominal values. For example, the blanking level can be nominally zero volts, the burst level can be nominally −150 mV, and the Sync level can be nominally −300 mV. There is a slight difference in these levels between the Phase Alternation by Line (PAL) and National Television System Committee (NTSC) standards, but this is not material to the invention. In accordance with an embodiment, all of these levels may be shifted to some other range for convenience, but the relationship remains.

The level detect to digital circuit 144 processes the outputs of the comparators 402 by using sense counters 412 to count the number of clock cycles each comparator 402 is high, during a relevant timing pulse (provided to one of two inputs of AND gates 408 _(n)). For example, the sense counter 412 ₁ produces a count output indicative of the extent that the breezeway portion of a line of the compensated video signal 116 is greater than a nominal blanking level (e.g., 0V); the sense counter 412 ₂ produces a count output indicative of the extent that the color burst (if one exists) of a line of the compensated video signal 116 is greater than a nominal burst level (e.g., −150 mV); the sense counter 412 ₃ produces a count output indicative of the extent that substantially the entire sync tip of a line of the compensated video signal 116 is greater than a nominal sync level (e.g., −300 mV); and the sense counter 412 ₄ produces a count output indicative of the extent that a beginning portion of the sync tip of a line of the compensated video signal 116 is greater than a nominal sync level (e.g., −300 mV). The most significant bit (MSB) of each sense counter 412 will be either 0 or 1, and is used to cause one of the error integrator counters 414 to count up or down. The sense counters 412 are reset once per line of video (i.e., per H-sync).

When the compensated video signal output 116 is properly compensated for the length of the cable, the output of the error integrator counters 414 will be substantially constant. In an embodiment, the error integrator counters 414 can be selectively locked or prevented from counting up and down (e.g., be disabled), after proper compensation has been achieved, and it is determined that the length of cable is not changing. This can be done by monitoring the output of one of the sense counters (e.g., 412 ₁), and determining that the length of cable is not changing if the outputs of that sense counter just prior to being reset deviates less than a specified amount.

Generally, the control loops including the comparators 402, sense counters 412 and error integrator counters 414 try to adjust equalization and gain so that each comparator 402 is high a specified percent (e.g., 50%) of the time. The error integrator counters 414 generate the actual control signals (146, 147 and 148) for the loops. The longer the cable being compensated for, the higher the value of the high band control signal 146 output by the error integrating counter 414 ₁, since the longer the cable the more high frequency compensation needed. Accordingly, referring back to FIG. 2A, the longer the cable, the greater the MSBs of the signal 146, and thus the more equalizer stages 203 that will be activated.

The output of the comparator 404, is averaged by an averager 405, and thereafter compared by the comparator 406 to a monochrome/color decision level reference, which is indicative of whether the video signal is a monochrome (e.g., black and white) video signal (which does not include a color burst) or a color video signal. The output of the comparator 406 controls a switch S1, so that the output of the appropriate sense counter 412 ₁ or 412 ₂ is provided to the input of the error integrator counter 414 ₁. In this manner, the control loop for high band equalization is appropriately calibrated for monochrome or color video signal.

In accordance with an embodiment, if the sync pulse to digital timing circuit 134 loses lock of the H-sync pulses (e.g., because a different length of cable was switched in, e.g., by a mux 506 shown in FIG. 5B), the various control loops discussed below can be reset to default levels (e.g., ratcheted back to zero), and the automatic compensation mechanism described above can restart. For example, all the counters 412 and 414 can be reset to zero.

FIGS. 5A & 5B are high level block diagrams of systems that include the equalizer 100 or 100′ of FIG. 1A or 1B. Referring to FIG. 5A, a cable link 504 (e.g., an unshielded twisted pair such a CAT5 cable) is connected between the transmitter 502 and an equalizer 100 or 100′ of an embodiment of the present invention. The signal that is transmitted over the cable link 504 can be, e.g., a NTSC video signal, or some other type of video signal. The equalizer 100 or 100′ compensates for the high and low frequency attenuation caused by the cable link 504 and outputs a compensated video signal 116, which is provided to a display monitor 510.

Referring to FIG. 5B, a multiplexor (mux) 506 can be used to select among different video sources 500 (e.g., different surveillance cameras), each associated with a transmitter 502, where each transmitter 502 is connected to the mux 506 by a cable link 504, each of which can have a different length. When the mux 506 selects a different video source 500, the automatic compensation controller 118 of the equalizer 100 automatically adjusts its compensation for frequency attenuation that occurs during the transmission over one of the cable links 504. In the case of the equalizer 100′, manual adjustment of the compensation can be performed when the mux 506 is used to select a different video source 500.

The high level flow diagram of FIG. 6 will now be used to summarize various embodiments of the present invention for providing automatic compensation for frequency attenuation of a video signal transmitted over a cable. Referring to FIG. 6, at step 602, frequency attenuation that occurred during the transmission of the video signal over the cable is compensated for to thereby produce a compensated video signal. At step 604, one or more portions of the compensated video signal is/are compared to one or more reference voltage levels. At step 606, there is automatic adjusting of the compensating performed at step 602 based on results of the comparing performed at step 604.

In accordance with specific embodiments, step 602 can include compensating for high frequency attenuation caused by the cable and compensating for low frequency attenuation caused by the cable. Step 602 can also include fine tuning DC gain so that an average level of sync tips, of horizontal sync pulses within the compensated video signal, is substantially equal to a predetermined nominal level.

Each line of the compensated video signal produced at step 602 includes a horizontal sync portion, followed by a breezeway portion, followed a color burst portion (if the video signal is color), followed by an active video portion. Step 604 can include comparing the horizontal sync portion of the compensated video signal to a sync level reference voltage, comparing the breezeway portion of the compensated video signal to a blanking level reference voltage, and comparing the color burst portion of the compensated video signal to the burst level reference voltage (if the video signal is a color signal). Step 606 can include automatically adjusting the compensating performed at step 602 based on results of the just mentioned comparisons.

Additional details of steps 602-606 are provided in the detailed description of the previously discussed FIGS. For example, specific embodiments for providing compensation for high frequency attenuation that occurred during the transmission of a video signal over a cable are described with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B. This can include providing a plurality N of equalizer stages connected in series, wherein each of the N equalizer stages includes a differential input and a differential output, and wherein each of the N equalizer stages is optimized for a different portion of the cable (where N is equal to or greater than 3). Additionally, there is a selection of which equalizer stages are active and which equalizer stages are inactive, and a weighted average of the signal input to and output from the last active equalizer stage is produced.

In accordance with specific embodiments, providing the plurality N of equalizer stages connected in series includes optimizing a 1^(st) one of the equalizer stages for a 1^(st) length of the cable (e.g., a first 1000 feet of the cable), optimizing a 2^(nd) one of the equalizer stages for a 2^(nd) length of the cable (e.g., a second 1000 feet of the cable), . . . and optimizing an N^(th) one of the equalizer stages for an N^(th) length of the cable (e.g., an Nth 1000 feet of the cable).

In accordance with specific embodiments, providing the plurality N of equalizer stages connected in series includes implementing a transfer function for a 1^(st) one of the equalizer stages as substantially equal to an inverse of a transfer function of a 1^(st) length of the cable (e.g., a first 1000 feet of the cable), implementing a transfer function for a 2^(nd) one of the equalizer stages as substantially equal to an inverse of a transfer function of a 2^(nd) length of the cable (e.g., a second 1000 feet of the cable), . . . and implementing a transfer function for a N^(th) one of the equalizer stages as substantially equal to an inverse of a transfer function of a N^(th) length of the cable (e.g., a Nth 1000 feet of the cable).

The present invention has been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have often been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Unless otherwise specified, alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention.

The forgoing description is of the preferred embodiments of the present invention. These embodiments have been provided for the purposes of illustration and description, but are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to a practitioner skilled in the art. Embodiments were chosen and described in order to best describe the principles of the invention and its practical application, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to understand the invention. Slight modifications and variations are believed to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents. 

What is claimed:
 1. A high band equalizer that provides compensation for high frequency attenuation that occurred during the transmission of a video signal over a cable, the high band equalizer comprising: a plurality of equalizer stages and a plurality of attenuation stages connected in series, where each of the attenuation stages is configured to selectively provide either no attenuation or a specified amount of attenuation; and one or more selectors configured to select which of the equalizer stage(s) is/are active and which of the equalizer stage(s) is/are inactive.
 2. The high band equalizer of claim 1, further comprising: a controller that controls whether each of the plurality of attenuation stages either provides the specified amount of attenuation or provides no attenuation in a manner that avoids overload of the equalizer stages; wherein each of the plurality of attenuation stages corresponds to one of the plurality of equalizer stages; and wherein the controller causes only one of the plurality of attenuation stages that corresponds to one of the plurality of equalizer stages to provide the specified amount of attenuation at a time, while causing each of the other attenuation stages corresponding to one of the plurality of equalizer stages to provide no attenuation.
 3. The high band equalizer of claim 1, wherein: the plurality of equalizer stages and the plurality of attenuation stages connected in series comprise N equalizer stages and N attenuation stages connected in series, where N is equal to or greater than 3, each of the N attenuation stages corresponds to one of the N equalizer stages, and each of the N attenuation stages is configured to selectively provide either no attenuation or the specified amount of attenuation; and only one of the N attenuation stages provides the specified amount of attenuation at a time, while the other N−1 attenuation stages provide no attenuation.
 4. The high band equalizer of claim 3, further comprising: a controller that controls which one of the N attenuation stages is the only one of the N attenuation stages that provides the specified amount of attenuation at a time.
 5. The high band equalizer of claim 3, wherein the attenuation stage associated with a second to last active equalizer stage is the only one of the N attenuation stages that provides the specified amount of attenuation at a time.
 6. The high band equalizer of claim 3, wherein: each of the N equalizer stages and each of the N attenuation stages has an input and an output; each of the N equalizer stages is optimized for a different portion of the cable; and a same signal that is used to control the one or more selectors is also used to control which one of the N attenuation stages is the only one of the N attenuation stages that provides the specified amount of attenuation at a time.
 7. The high band equalizer of claim 3, wherein: each of the N equalizer stages and each of the N attenuation stages has an input and an output; each of the N equalizer stages is optimized for a different portion of the cable; and the one or more selectors comprise a first selector having N inputs connected to the inputs of each of the N equalizer stages, and having an output; and a second selector having N inputs connected to the outputs of each of the N equalizer stages, and having an output.
 8. The high band equalizer of claim 7, further comprising: a weighted averager having inputs connected to the outputs of the first and second selectors, and having an output; wherein the weighted averager produces at its output a weighted average of a signal input to and a signal output from the last active equalizer stage; and wherein the attenuation stage that corresponds to a second to last active equalizer stage is the only one of the N attenuation stages that provides attenuation at a time.
 9. The high band equalizer of claim 7, further comprising: a further attenuation stage having an input connected to the output of the first selector, and having an output; a weighted averager having a first input connected to the output of the further attenuation stage, a second input connected to the output of the second selector, and having an output; wherein the weighted averager produces, at its output, a weighted average of (a) a signal input to a last active equalizer stage, after the signal is attenuated by the further attenuation stage, and (b) a signal output from a last active equalizer stage.
 10. The high band equalizer of claim 7, wherein: the further attenuation stage having its input connected to the output of the first selector always provides attenuation; and the one of the N attenuation stages that corresponds to the last active equalizer stage is the only one of the N attenuation stages that provides attenuation at a time.
 11. The high band equalizer of claim 3, wherein: the one of the N attenuation stages that corresponds to the last active equalizer stage is the only one of the N attenuation stages that provides attenuation at a time.
 12. The high band equalizer of claim 3, wherein each of the N attenuation stages is connected in series with, and is upstream from, its corresponding one of the N equalizer stages.
 13. The high band equalizer of claim 12, further comprising: a further attenuation stage upstream from the N attenuation stages and the N equalizer stages; wherein the further attenuation stage provides attenuation when only a most upstream one of the N equalizer stages is active; and wherein the further attenuation stage provides no attenuation when more than the most upstream one of the N equalizer stages are active.
 14. The high band equalizer of claim 1, wherein: each of the equalizer stages includes a differential input and a differential output; and the specified amount of attenuation is −6 dB.
 15. A method for use by a high band equalizer that provides compensation for high frequency attenuation that occurred during the transmission of a video signal over a cable, wherein the high band equalizer includes a plurality of equalizer stages and a plurality of attenuation stages connected in series, the method comprising: (a) controlling which of the equalizer stage(s) is/are active and which of the equalizer stage(s) is/are inactive; and (b) for each of the plurality of attenuation stages, controlling whether the attenuation stage either provides a specified amount of attenuation or provides no attenuation; wherein step (b) is performed in a manner that avoids overload of the equalizer stages.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the plurality of equalizer stages and the plurality of attenuation stages connected in series comprise N equalizer stages and N attenuation stages connected in series, where N is equal to or greater than 3, and each of the N attenuation stages corresponds to one of the N equalizer stages, wherein: step (b) includes causing only one of the N attenuation stages to provide the specified amount of attenuation at a time, while the other N−1 attenuation stages provide no attenuation.
 17. The method of 15, wherein step (b) comprises causing the attenuation stage that corresponds to a second to last active equalizer stage to be the only one of the N attenuation stages that provides the specified amount of attenuation at a time.
 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the high band equalizer also includes a further attenuation stage upstream from the N attenuation stages and the N equalizer stages, and further comprising: causing the further attenuation stage to provide attenuation when only a most upstream one of the N equalizer stages is active; and causing the further attenuation stage to provide no attenuation when more than the most upstream one of the N equalizer stages are active.
 19. The method of 15, wherein step (b) comprises causing the attenuation stage that corresponds to a last active equalizer stage to be the only one of the N attenuation stages that provides the specified amount of attenuation at a time.
 20. A system to provide automatic compensation for frequency attenuation of a video signal transmitted over a cable, comprising: an equalizer that receives a video signal that was transmitted over a cable, provides compensation for frequency attenuation that occurred during the transmission over the cable, and outputs a compensated video signal; and a compensation controller that automatically adjusts the compensation provided by the equalizer; wherein the equalizer includes a high band equalizer that comprises a plurality of equalizer stages and a plurality of attenuation stages connected in series, where each of the attenuation stages is configured to selectively provide either no attenuation or a specified amount of attenuation; one or more selectors configured to select which of the equalizer stage(s) is/are active and which of the equalizer stage(s) is/are inactive; and an attenuation controller that controls whether each of the attenuation stages either provides a specified amount of attenuation or provides no attenuation in a manner that avoids overload of the equalizer stages.
 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the equalizer also comprises a low band equalizer and a DC gain controller. 